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Beauty in eyes of beheld 2009-10-29 15:13:39 | Source America's biggest export is pop culture. American-made entertainment has infiltrated all corners of the world, and with this has come the idolization and imitation of its stars. While the trend in some countries across the world may believe that it's cool to be American, in Eastern Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, this trend has taken an extreme turn. In these societies where the standard of beauty is increasingly including elements of Western features, such as rounder eyes and narrow noses, women are turning to plastic surgery in increasing numbers in order to give themselves a more desirable look. Blepharoplasty is a form of cosmetic surgery used to reshape the upper and lower eyelids. It is used to remove puffy bags underneath the eyes and, when upper eyelid changes are severe in the elderly, blepharoplasty can be used to open up the field of vision impaired by over-hanging skin. However, blepharoplasty is known by another name - double eyelid surgery. A majority of people of east and southeast Asian decent are born without an eyelid crease, or are single lidded. The double eyelid procedure creates a crease above the eye, making the eye appear more open and alert as well as facilitating the application of make up. This is the most popular form of cosmetic surgery among women of east and southeast Asian decent, and at the rate it is gaining in popularity, some predict it will soon become as commonplace as dying one's hair. "I think that this trend is showing that [women] are under tremendous pressure," said Michiko Aramaki, a professor at the Simone de Beauvoir Institute at Concordia University in Montreal. While this plastic surgery is rooted in conforming to social norms of what is beautiful, there are other more disconcerting reasons as to why Asian women are making these alterations to their faces. "One report shows the motivation for [women] to go through the operation - the number one reason is not to attract the opposite sex but rather to get a job," said Aramaki. "The job market is mainly organized by male power, which means paying attention to their beauty so that they can get a job, because men are the ones who judge and accept their applications. It's a double burden that women have been faced with." These burdens and pressures are something that women have to live with during their whole lives, often alongside other stresses, such as the many worries that come with growing up. In countries such as Japan, these worries may even be greater than what we experience growing up in North America. "I think a lot of Japanese young people are, culturally, always told that they have something to improve. There is always something to improve, that they are not good enough," said Yuko Kandachi, a women's studies student at Concordia. Kandachi lived in Japan until she was 16 years-old, and has some insight into what could incite Japanese women to undergo plastic surgery on their eyes. "They always have to aspire to change, to improve. Often it takes a course of more superficial improvement." Jessie Shen underwent blepharoplasty while she was attending university in Montreal. While at first she didn't like the idea of plastic surgery, she eventually had it done in Shanghai, where the procedure is much cheaper, and now feels that it has been useful. "In some ways, I see the eye surgery as similar to getting braces for my teeth. Both of them make my smile look better and make me feel better about my appearance," said Shen. Shen ultimately decided to go through with the procedure because she was frustrated with the way she looked. Plastic surgery was something that her mother had been suggesting for several years. "My mom has double eyelids, so does my dad. My mom always hoped my eyes would just flip' but they never did," recalled Shen. "She feels that people with single eyelids look suspicious or deceptive. When we took pictures, she would always tell me to open my eyes more, to look more alert. She felt that I would fare much better in life, socially and professionally, by having a prettier' pair of eyes." Her father, on the other hand, was of the opposite opinion. "My dad is old school. [He says], Natural beauty is the most beautiful. If someone is judging you on your appearance, then their opinion is not worthy to be considered.' Very nice and idealistic way of thinking, but not very practical in the world," said Shen. While Shen's father's point of view may sound like an after-school special, there are those that believe that the positive feelings that may come after the surgery are fleeting and false. "[Women who undergo the surgery] may gain a temporary sense of empowerment out of it and they may get a job out of it and they may feel successful," said Aramaki. But, according to Western feminist thought, "Ultimately, they submit their sense of identity to the dominant norm of what beauty is. That is not a real sense of power. They feel that way, but it is not real empowerment." But whatever the implications for the individual, there may be greater implications that come from one culture cosmetically altering itself to incorporate the elements of another culture's physical characteristics. Could this have a greater impact on the identity of Asian people? "I think the Japanese identity at this time is pretty much lost already," said Kandachi. "It's so modernized and it's pretty superficial, I think. Often, when Japanese people leave Japan . . . people in their 20s, that is the first time they realize that they are Japanese and that they have a different way. Or they have presumed they are different somewhat from other cultures and other people. Japanese identity is very influenced by the media. But I don't know what the Japanese identity is because it's pretty superficial. "When they leave and come to North America, for example, all of the sudden they start making sushi at their friends' parties or stuff that they've never done back home, just to prove they're Japanese." Shen herself, however, has been getting a mostly positive reaction from her surgery. "My Caucasian friends, mostly the female ones, were initially very shocked that I would get the operation. In my group of intellectually-inclined' or enlightened' friends, they stated that I looked great naturally. Nowadays, I don't think they remember how I used to look. They chalk it down to my style and confidence as opposed to a surgery. But I get a lot of comments about how pretty my smile is these days and I never got that before," said Shen. "Most Chinese women that knew me from before, whether they are my mom's friends or my own friends, almost immediately noticed. They commented on how alert I looked and how pretty the eyes curved. It's very accepted." While the double eyelid procedure may be gaining more and more acceptance, there are still those that believe in natural looks. "I feel that it is not right," said Kandachi, "because the image that these women are trying to transform themselves into is something created by others. Appearance wise, what these women are aspiring themselves to look like is not their natural state. It's too bad, because it's also to do with more racial categories of what is supposed to be beautiful and what is not." Lastest News: The wounded: Stitching together lives torn by shrapnel 2009-11-20 14:50:27 | Source BALAD, Iraq Vincent Worrell lay shivering on a trauma bay. He felt something in his mouth... ... 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